正念等於正面思考嗎?
正念就是心無雜念嗎?
正念是要常常打坐嗎?
其實,正念和你以為的不一樣。
正念的英文是 "mindfulness"、"Be mindful" 在英文中代表留意、留心、關照,換作中文,念即是我們的想法、感受、情緒、念頭、思考等,正即是正在發生,也就是當下,因此,正念並不是要練習正面思考,而是要觀察、接納現在正在發生的一切。卡巴金博士定義正念為「透過當下、有意識且不批判地專注於每個片刻顯露經驗所產生的一種覺察」,所以無論是正向還是負向的思考與情緒,都是我們觀照、接納與認識的對象,因此,正念的練習,是純粹地注意當下的身心經驗,增進活在當下的自我覺察能力,了解想法與情緒之間的關係,進而達到減輕壓力與焦慮,提升情緒管理能力,改善專注力等目標。
正念的是與不是
正念不是正向思考,正念是對正面、負面的想法,都有平等覺察的能力。
正念不是心無雜念,正念是能注意到念頭的來去,不執著於特定的想法。
正念不是永保平靜,正念是能接納不同情緒起伏,保有如何回應的選擇。
正念不是禪宗打坐,正念是不限於任何文化宗教,助人覺察自我的方法。
正念減壓法的起源
醫學權威期刊也肯定正念療效
自1982年卡巴金博士發表一篇關於「正念減壓療程」與慢性疼痛的臨床研究後,目前已有上千篇刊登於知名期刊的實證研究,美國醫學會雜誌(Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA),支持使用正念作為睡眠障礙症、焦慮症患者的非藥物治療,以及憂鬱症患者與成癮患者的預防復發。實證研究亦證實,在八週正念減壓練習後,受試者在功能性腦部核磁造影檢查(functional MRI)中,顯現海馬迴(hippocampus)、後扣帶迴(posterior cingulate cortex)與顳葉頂葉交界(temporo-parietal junction)的灰質密度增加,右側杏仁核的灰質密度則會減少,而這些部位正式在大腦中處理學習、記憶處理與情緒控制等功能之區域。
Photo by Indian Yogi (Yogi Madhav) on Unsplash
參考資料:
《正念減壓的訓練》,陳德中著,方智出版
《正念減壓初學者手冊》(附引導CD),喬·卡巴金著,張老師文化出版
-Mindfulness meditation and improvement in sleep quality and daytime impairment among older adults with sleep disturbances: a randomized clinical trial (JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(4):494-501).
-Treating Anxiety in 2017: Optimizing Care to Improve Outcomes. (JAMA. 2017;318(3): 235-236).
- Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomized controlled trial (Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63-73).
- Relative Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention, Standard Relapse Prevention, and Treatment as Usual for Substance Use Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA Psychiatry. 2014; 71(5):547-556).
- Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala (Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2010 Mar;5(1):11-7).
- Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density (Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jan 30; 191(1): 36–43).
《正念減壓的訓練》,陳德中著,方智出版
《正念減壓初學者手冊》(附引導CD),喬·卡巴金著,張老師文化出版
-Mindfulness meditation and improvement in sleep quality and daytime impairment among older adults with sleep disturbances: a randomized clinical trial (JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(4):494-501).
-Treating Anxiety in 2017: Optimizing Care to Improve Outcomes. (JAMA. 2017;318(3): 235-236).
- Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomized controlled trial (Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63-73).
- Relative Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention, Standard Relapse Prevention, and Treatment as Usual for Substance Use Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA Psychiatry. 2014; 71(5):547-556).
- Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala (Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2010 Mar;5(1):11-7).
- Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density (Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jan 30; 191(1): 36–43).